price of nickel

What is the price of nickel ore and other minerals in this group.


Nickel 28Ni
 Engl. nickel, for a goblin


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Relat. Atomic mass
Atomic number
Melting point
Boiling point
Oxidation Numbers
Density
Hardness (Mohs)
Electronegativity
Elektronenkonfig.
Natürl. Frequency
  
  
  
 58.6934
28
1455 ° C
2913 ° C
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1
8.902 g / cm ³
3.8
1.91 (Pauling)
[Ar] 3d84s2
Ni-58: 68.0769%
Ni-60: 26.2231%
Ni-61: 1.1399%
Ni-62: 3.6345%
Ni-64: 0.9256%


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How does this compare to nickel manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, when a magnet is it?
   
GHS Pictograms
Warning Hazard (H-phrases)
  
H 317, 351, 372, 412
  
(Powder, particles <1mm br="br" cas="cas" number="number">  
7440-02-0

 Physico-chemical properties
The silver-gray shiny heavy metal such as iron can forge relatively well to roll sheet or wire to pull. It's like iron and cobalt ferromagnetic, but not quite as good. Finely divided nickel decreases at higher temperatures on large amounts of hydrogen. Nickel sheet by hot hydrogen can pass easily.
 

 Ferromagnetism in the nickel


 Nickel is attracted by a magnet.


In its chemical behavior is similar to the nickel cobalt and iron. In compact form, it is at room temperature. Resistant to air, water, non-oxidizing acids such as hydrochloric acid, lye and to most organic substances Dilute nitric acid it attacks from hydrogen and nickel nitrate formation, while in concentrated nitric acid passivation occurs, since a thin oxide layer is formed. Finely divided nickel powder can be pyrophoric properties, ie it ignites by itself A hot nickel wire burned in pure oxygen under sparks to nickel (II) oxide. Hot nickel also reacts with the halogens, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, boron and silicon. The resulting nickel salts are usually colored compounds with a blue, green or yellow color.
  

 Detection of nickel ions with dimethylglyoxime

 After the addition of a 1% alcohol in Dimethylgyloximlösung
a (diluted) nickel (II) sulfate solution is formed a red complex salt.

The detection of nickel and its salts made with the complexing dimethylglyoxime (Tschugaeffs reagent). This, together with Ni 2 + ions a raspberry red, sparingly water-soluble complex salt. With professional, chemical analyzes before interfering iron ions are removed by boiling in hydrogen peroxide. The analysis is performed in ammoniacal solution. In school you can a 1% dimethylglyoxime in 96% alcohol (methylated spirits) use and waive the pre-treatment. Instilled the reagent into a nickel (II) sulfate solution, creates the typical red precipitate. Moisten a cotton swab with the reagent can detect nickel in coins or jewelry, if they have been thoroughly wetted by perspiration.
 

 Detection of nickel in coins

 Rubbing cotton swabs soaked with dimethylglyoxime to nickel-containing coins,
the rods are slightly reddish tint, when the coins came into contact with perspiration.

  
 Physiology / Toxicology
The importance of nickel as an essential trace element for humans is not yet clear. In plants and some bacteria it is needed for enzyme reactions.
Nickel and its compounds are considered to be strong allergens. There is also a carcinogenic potential. For this reason should not be nickel in jewelry (earrings, earrings, necklaces, rings) are incorporated. One danger is mainly by inhalation of dust, but when in contact with skin. The extent to which everyday widespread alloys (coins, flatware) act is not yet clear. Alloys should, however, generally considered to be chemically more stable than the pure metal. The time duration of skin contact also plays a role. Nickel is the metal most commonly causes a contact allergy. The toxic potential of the nickel compounds is even greater than in the metallic nickel. Nickel compounds such as nickel (III) oxide or nickel (IV) oxide are considered particularly dangerous in view of the carcinogenic effects by inhalation of dusts.

 
 Occurrence
Nickel is a common element and is in a proportion of 0.015% on 21st Instead of the frequency element and is therefore more likely than copper or zinc. As an element, it occurs naturally only in meteorites. A major nickel ore is pyrrhotite (pyrrhotite), which contains small amounts of nickel sulfide. The nickel ores include the nickel white gravel (chloanthite), the Rotnickelkies (Nickeline) or yellow nickel gravel (Millerite is a nickel sulphide). The most important ore deposits are located in Cuba, Canada, New Caledonia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

 White nickel ore from Bouazzer / Morocco

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 The white nickel gravel is a cobalt-nickel-arsenide.


 History
Already, the Chinese used already 2000 years ago, a nickel-copper alloy as used metal. This alloy conforms to the current "silver" (alpaca). Among the ancient Greeks, the metal was used as coinage. In the 18th Century Saxon miners discovered ore in the Erzgebirge, a reddish and thought we had found copper. Named after recognizing the error they ore "copper-nickel," which means "the mountain spirit nickel copper bewitched". The Swedish chemist and mineralogist Axel Frederik Cronstedt (1722-1765) studied in 1751 this ore (Rotnickelkies) and discovered to the new element. The production of the element in pure form succeeded Torbern Olof Bergman (1735-1784) in 1775. The galvanic plating of metals was conducted by Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in London the first time in 1832.
 

 Rotnickelkies from the Erzgebirge

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 Is constructed from the Rotnickelkies Nickelarsenid.

 
 Production
The copper-bearing pyrrhotite (pyrrhotite) is first mechanically prepared and enriched. By Vorrösten binds a large proportion of iron oxide with the existing slag and flows. Existing iron sulfide can be oxidized by the blowing of oxygen. By melting with sodium sulfide to disconnect the remaining metal compounds. Here, nickel sulfide accumulated at the bottom. By roasting obtained nickel oxide, which may then be further processed by a reduction with coke to impure nickel. Cleaning the Rohnickels done by an electrolytic refining, wherein nickel is formed with a purity of 99.5%.
   
In "Carbonylverfahren", the "moon process", obtained high-purity nickel. Thereby, the resulting nickel oxide is reduced in high towers at 400 ° C with a mixture of hydrogen and Kohlenstoffmonooxid ("water gas"):
  
2 NiO + (CO + H2) 2 Ni + H2O + CO2
  
The resulting nickel sponge is at 50-80 ° C in counter-current with Kohlenstoffmonooxid brought into contact. This produces gaseous nickel tetracarbonyl:
  
Ni + 4 CO Ni (CO) 4 DHR = -162 kJ
  
Decomposition in chambers which are filled with small nickel spheres, the intermediate decomposes back to nickel and Kohlenstoffmonooxid. Thereby deposited high-purity nickel with a purity of up to 99.99% on the beads.
 
 Use
The largest proportion of nickel is used in the steel refining. Low nickel additions increase in the steel, the corrosion resistance, hardness and toughness. Nickel alloys are therefore also used for coinage. The inner part of the 1-euro and 2-euro coins consists of a copper-nickel alloy. The silver-colored coins (cents and franc pieces) of the Swiss money contained an alloy of 25% nickel and 75% copper. The nickel alloys, despite the health concerns coins with no alternative as they are considered to be relatively secure against forgery. Nickel is also used in alloys for cooking vessels and utensils (Cromarganstahl). The constantan of nickel, copper and manganese for the electronics has a constant resistance over a wide temperature range. Pure nickel is used to manufacture pots, trays and instruments in the laboratory and in medical technology. Because of the good absorbency of hydrogen, nickel is suitable as a catalyst, for example as Raney nickel catalyst for hydrogenation in the organic chemistry.

 German silver jug

 The nickel silver "Alpaca" looks like silver, but it is a copper-nickel-zinc
Alloy with a copper content of 50% and a nickel content of up to 25%.
  
 
The alloy of nickel and titanium is nitinol. She is one of the shape-memory alloys. A clip from this alloy can be bent. She jumps on heating back to its original clip form. Because of this memory effect, there are numerous possible applications. In the aerospace industry, these materials, for example, used to open a solar sail. Medical implants such as stents to promote blood flow in the human heart also use this technology.